The art of enhancing the look and value of products, Industrial Design started developing in the 20th century. During the later half of the nineteenth century, the consumer goods industry grew rapidly which necessitated the creation of designer goods, owing to the competition in the market. Consumers were ready to spend more on luxury goods and lush interior decorations for homes. In those times, industrial design wasn't a well-defined professional activity. The craftsmen and artists were engaged in industrial designing activities by industrialists, who promoted the development of prototypes for their products.
Industrial Design History
The bulk of industrial designing during the 1920s was carried out in the field of automobiles, electrical appliances and the new inventions. The engineers though, invented useful items for the public, but lacked the creativity needed to enhance the look of these products. Trained artists from different art schools, were hired for the creation of commercial art, in order to facilitate the designing of industrial products.
The Great Depression of 1929, proved an opportunity in disguise for industrial designers to display their skills. Frederick W. Taylor, a mechanical engineer by profession, played an important role in improving industrial efficiency during this period.
Streamlining
It was an important principle applied in the production of various goods. Basically a concept derived from the science of aerodynamics, streamlining was extensively used in the designing of products such as automobiles, radio, washing machines, etc. The overall effect of streamlining the product designs was so much, that the demand of consumer products increased heavily.
The profession of industrial designing was institutionalized owing to the surge in demand for industrial designers. The institutions, like the American Designers Institute and the Society of Industrial Designers, were established in the years 1938 and 1944 respectively. The two institutions were merged in 1965 to form the Industrial Designers Society of America.
High Modernism
The idea of 'high modernism' governed the industrial design sector between the 1930s and 1960s. Three types of design 'frameworks' or ideas were brought to light by The Museum of Modern Art in America. These three ideas were the 'machine art', 'organic design' and 'good design'. The machine art signified abstract designing while good design was considered to be of reformist ideology. Organic design was the term used for eco-friendly designs.
Those refugees who had escaped Nazism and were associated with Bauhaus, a design school in Germany, which brought new ideas to industrial designing in America. The establishment of the Aspen Design Conference for policy makers and businessmen was the result of the changes in the industrial design sector. The concept of high modernism was also popularized by Mr. George Nelson through a journal called the 'Industrial Design'.
Mr. J. Gordon Lippincott brought forth an idea which promoted the use of designs only for the sake of profits. Harley Earl's styling techniques greatly influenced the appearance of products such as gas pumps, carports and even items such as coffee tables and sectional sofas. The scientific progress in the mid-19th century too had an influence on the designing techniques, which reflected in the form of amoeboid shapes in Georgian architecture.
The competitive markets of the 1980s and 1990s brought about a fundamental change in the field of industrial designing. Earlier, during the 1930s, the challenge before designers was to enhance the look of Machine Age products. However, in the '80s, the situation had changed a lot. The designers were expected to add value to the highly sophisticated hardware and software. The designers in this period, played an important role in deciding the corporate strategies for industries. Thus, from the inception of the concept of industrial designing in the 1900s till date, the field of Industrial Design has undergone a sea change.
Showing posts with label Industry. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Industry. Show all posts
Monday, July 11, 2011
Romanticism: Characteristics of Romanticism
Romanticism is a movement that emerged as a reaction against Neoclassicism, the age preceding the Romantic movement. The Neoclassical age was also called the 'The age of Enlightenment', which emphasized on reason and logic. The Romantic period wanted to break away from the traditions and conventions that were dear to the Neoclassical age and make way for individuality and experimentation. The Romantic movement is said to have emerged in Germany, which soon spread to England as well as France, however, the main source of inspiration for Romanticism came from the events and ideologies of the French Revolution. Other than this, even the industrial revolution which began during the same period is also said to be responsible for the development of Romanticism. Though Romantic elements were found in art and literature since several centuries, it was the publication of 'Lyrical Ballads' by Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge in 1798 that marked the beginning of the Romantic period. To understand Romanticism better, it is very important to learn about the Romanticism characteristics. Read more on importance of literature.
Characteristics of Romanticism
As literature was the first to be influenced by the ideas and ideologies of Romanticism before spreading to art and music, the characteristics of romanticism in literature are the same for other art forms too. Therefore, let us look at some of the Romanticism characteristics which influenced all the artistic fields of that period.
Love of Nature: The Romantics greatly emphasized on the importance of nature, and one of the main characteristics of Romanticism in poetry is the beauty of nature found in the country life. This was mainly because the industrial revolution had taken man from the peaceful country life towards the city life, transforming man's natural order. Nature was not only appreciated for its physical beauty by the Romantics, but also for its ability to help the urban man find his true identity.
Emotions v/s Rationality: Unlike the Neoclassical age which focused on rationality and intellect, Romanticism placed human emotions, feelings, instinct and intuition above everything else. While the poets in the former era adhered to the rules and regulations while selecting a subject and writing about it, the Romantic writers trusted their emotions and feelings to create poetry. This belief can be confirmed from the definition of poetry by William Wordsworth, where he says that "poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings". The emphasis on emotions was also spread to music created in the Romantic period, and was seen in the compositions made by great musicians like Weber, Beethoven, Schumann, etc.
Artist, the Creator: As the Romantic period emphasized on emotions, the position or role of the artist or the poet also gained supremacy. In the earlier times, the artist was seen as a person who imitated the external world through his art. However, Romanticism reverted this belief. The poet or artist was seen as a creator of a piece of work which reflected his individuality and inner mind. It was also for the first time that the poems written in the first person were being accepted, as the poetic persona became one with the voice of the poet.
Nationalism: The Romantics borrowed heavily from the folklore and the popular art. During the earlier periods, literature and art were considered to belong to the high class educated people, and the country folks were not considered fit to enjoy them. Also, the language used in these works were highly poetic, which was totally different from that which was spoken by people. However, Romanticism changed all this. Their works were influenced from the ballads and folklore that were created by the masses or the common people, rather than from the literary works that were popular. Apart from poetry, adopting from the folklore and ballads is also one of the very important characteristics of Romanticism in music. As the Romantics became interested and focused on developing the folklore, culture, language, customs and traditions of their own country, they developed a sense of Nationalism which reflected in their works. Also, the language used in Romantic poems were simple which was usually used in everyday life.
Exoticism: Along with Nationalism, the Romantics even developed the love of the exotic. Hence, in many of the literary as well as artistic works of that period, the far off and mysterious locations were depicted. Though this was completely opposite from the ideal of Nationalism, they never clashed with each other. The reason for this is that just like the exotic locations, the people did not know about the folklore of their places before, and so they seemed to be as vague as the far away places. Exoticism is also one of the most prominent characteristics of Romanticism in art, along with sentimentality and spirituality.
Supernatural: Another characteristic of Romanticism is the belief in the supernatural. The Romantics were interested in the supernatural and included it in their works. This fascination for the mysterious and the unreal also lead to the development of the Gothic romance which became popular during this period. Supernatural elements can be seen in Coleridge's, 'Kubla Khan' and in Keats' poem 'La Belle Dame Sans Merci'.
As no Romantic writer or artist followed any kind of rules or regulations, it is actually a little difficult to define the Romanticism characteristics accurately. Nevertheless, these are some of the characteristics of Romanticism that reflect in the works of that period. Though many writers and critics have said that Romanticism is irrational, one thing that cannot be denied is that it attempted to portray the world, especially human nature in a new light.
Characteristics of Romanticism
As literature was the first to be influenced by the ideas and ideologies of Romanticism before spreading to art and music, the characteristics of romanticism in literature are the same for other art forms too. Therefore, let us look at some of the Romanticism characteristics which influenced all the artistic fields of that period.
Love of Nature: The Romantics greatly emphasized on the importance of nature, and one of the main characteristics of Romanticism in poetry is the beauty of nature found in the country life. This was mainly because the industrial revolution had taken man from the peaceful country life towards the city life, transforming man's natural order. Nature was not only appreciated for its physical beauty by the Romantics, but also for its ability to help the urban man find his true identity.
Emotions v/s Rationality: Unlike the Neoclassical age which focused on rationality and intellect, Romanticism placed human emotions, feelings, instinct and intuition above everything else. While the poets in the former era adhered to the rules and regulations while selecting a subject and writing about it, the Romantic writers trusted their emotions and feelings to create poetry. This belief can be confirmed from the definition of poetry by William Wordsworth, where he says that "poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings". The emphasis on emotions was also spread to music created in the Romantic period, and was seen in the compositions made by great musicians like Weber, Beethoven, Schumann, etc.
Artist, the Creator: As the Romantic period emphasized on emotions, the position or role of the artist or the poet also gained supremacy. In the earlier times, the artist was seen as a person who imitated the external world through his art. However, Romanticism reverted this belief. The poet or artist was seen as a creator of a piece of work which reflected his individuality and inner mind. It was also for the first time that the poems written in the first person were being accepted, as the poetic persona became one with the voice of the poet.
Nationalism: The Romantics borrowed heavily from the folklore and the popular art. During the earlier periods, literature and art were considered to belong to the high class educated people, and the country folks were not considered fit to enjoy them. Also, the language used in these works were highly poetic, which was totally different from that which was spoken by people. However, Romanticism changed all this. Their works were influenced from the ballads and folklore that were created by the masses or the common people, rather than from the literary works that were popular. Apart from poetry, adopting from the folklore and ballads is also one of the very important characteristics of Romanticism in music. As the Romantics became interested and focused on developing the folklore, culture, language, customs and traditions of their own country, they developed a sense of Nationalism which reflected in their works. Also, the language used in Romantic poems were simple which was usually used in everyday life.
Exoticism: Along with Nationalism, the Romantics even developed the love of the exotic. Hence, in many of the literary as well as artistic works of that period, the far off and mysterious locations were depicted. Though this was completely opposite from the ideal of Nationalism, they never clashed with each other. The reason for this is that just like the exotic locations, the people did not know about the folklore of their places before, and so they seemed to be as vague as the far away places. Exoticism is also one of the most prominent characteristics of Romanticism in art, along with sentimentality and spirituality.
Supernatural: Another characteristic of Romanticism is the belief in the supernatural. The Romantics were interested in the supernatural and included it in their works. This fascination for the mysterious and the unreal also lead to the development of the Gothic romance which became popular during this period. Supernatural elements can be seen in Coleridge's, 'Kubla Khan' and in Keats' poem 'La Belle Dame Sans Merci'.
As no Romantic writer or artist followed any kind of rules or regulations, it is actually a little difficult to define the Romanticism characteristics accurately. Nevertheless, these are some of the characteristics of Romanticism that reflect in the works of that period. Though many writers and critics have said that Romanticism is irrational, one thing that cannot be denied is that it attempted to portray the world, especially human nature in a new light.
Thursday, January 13, 2011
Airline Industry
The Airline Industry encompasses a single aircraft conveying cargo articles and mail to different places to the numerous aircrafts carrying passengers to the different parts of the world. Services of the Airline industry can be segregated as domestic, regional, within the continent or travel between continents. A thorough analysis of the Airline industry will essentially comprise all of the above. Records show that the demand for airline travel has been increasing. 1950 through 1960 manifested a trend when the yearly growth was consistent at approximately 15%. Airline industry showed yearly growth ranging between 5% to 6% consistently in the 80s and the 90s. However, rate of growth cannot be expected to remain same throughout due to several factors. Deregulation being one of the reasons. Deregulation in the Airline industry led to flexibility in the prices of the airline tickets. Consequently, the airfares nosedived at times escalating the airway traffic.
In some countries the Airline industry is regulated by the Government. In countries, where the Airline industry is privatized, many norms and regulations as laid forward by the Government has to be complied with. These norms and regulations have been framed keeping in mind the safety, political as well as economic aspects. The Airline industry trend shows that during the period 2000 through 2002, 6% profit was enjoyed by the Airline industry, as much as 10% to 13% was gained by companies in the catering sector, manufacturers of aircraft gained by 16%, airports gained by 10% etc.,. The Airline ticket costs are inclusive of the taxes, different kinds of fees and surcharges wherever applicable.To know more about the Airline industry one may browse through the following links:
* Airline Industry Analysis
* Airline Industry Trends
* Airline Industry Growth
* Airline Industry Mergers
* Air Cargo Industry
* World Airline Industry
* U.S Airline Industry
* Airline Industry in India
In some countries the Airline industry is regulated by the Government. In countries, where the Airline industry is privatized, many norms and regulations as laid forward by the Government has to be complied with. These norms and regulations have been framed keeping in mind the safety, political as well as economic aspects. The Airline industry trend shows that during the period 2000 through 2002, 6% profit was enjoyed by the Airline industry, as much as 10% to 13% was gained by companies in the catering sector, manufacturers of aircraft gained by 16%, airports gained by 10% etc.,. The Airline ticket costs are inclusive of the taxes, different kinds of fees and surcharges wherever applicable.To know more about the Airline industry one may browse through the following links:
* Airline Industry Analysis
* Airline Industry Trends
* Airline Industry Growth
* Airline Industry Mergers
* Air Cargo Industry
* World Airline Industry
* U.S Airline Industry
* Airline Industry in India
Aviation Industry
The airline industry provides transportation services for passengers as well as cargo through scheduled air routes. The aviation industry derives its revenues from regular ticket fees and freight charges. Other major components of the aviation sector include:
* Air traffic control
* Helicopter and private charter services
* Airport management
* Express delivery service
History of the Airline Industry
The pioneers of the airline industry, the Wright Brothers invented the first airplane in 1903. The first modern airliner, Boeing 247, was launched in 1933. It traveled at 155 miles per hour and had a capacity of ten passengers. Boeing 747 was launched by Pan Am in 1969. This highly sophisticated aircraft had four engines and a seating capacity of 450. The airline industry initially fell under the category of a public utility service, with government agencies establishing the air routes and prices. However, with the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, the industry became market driven.
Demand and Supply Drivers of the Airline Industry
The demand drivers of the airline industry include:
* Ticket prices
* Passenger income levels
* Access to and suitability of other modes of transportation
* Frequency of services
* Safety
* Random factors such as terror threat
The supply drivers of the aviation industry are:
* Behavior of competition
* Government regulation
* Cost of resources (fuel, labor, maintenance, technology)
Airline Industry: Major Players
The European airline giants dominate the aviation industry. British Airways reported annual revenues of GBP8,593 million in 2008. Lufthansa reported annual revenues of Euro22.4 billion in 2007. Qantas, Australia’s largest airline, reported annual revenues of A$12.6 billion for 2007. The other major passenger airlines include Cathay Pacific, the Emirates, US Airways, Japan Airlines, Air France-KLM and Southwest Airlines. Cathay Pacific won the 2009 Airline of the Year title in the famous World Airline Awards, replacing Singapore Airlines as the 'world's best airline.' Among the freight carriers, FedEx is the world’s largest, with total revenues of US$ 37.953 billion in 2008.
Some of the major airports across the world include:
* London’s Heathrow Airport
* Los Angeles International Airport
* Frankfurt International Airport
* Tokyo International Airport
The global aviation sector generated revenues of $430 billion in 2007, with over 2,076 million passengers traveling by air. According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, the airline industry provided employment to around 487,000 people in 2006 in America alone.
* Air traffic control
* Helicopter and private charter services
* Airport management
* Express delivery service
History of the Airline Industry
The pioneers of the airline industry, the Wright Brothers invented the first airplane in 1903. The first modern airliner, Boeing 247, was launched in 1933. It traveled at 155 miles per hour and had a capacity of ten passengers. Boeing 747 was launched by Pan Am in 1969. This highly sophisticated aircraft had four engines and a seating capacity of 450. The airline industry initially fell under the category of a public utility service, with government agencies establishing the air routes and prices. However, with the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, the industry became market driven.
Demand and Supply Drivers of the Airline Industry
The demand drivers of the airline industry include:
* Ticket prices
* Passenger income levels
* Access to and suitability of other modes of transportation
* Frequency of services
* Safety
* Random factors such as terror threat
The supply drivers of the aviation industry are:
* Behavior of competition
* Government regulation
* Cost of resources (fuel, labor, maintenance, technology)
Airline Industry: Major Players
The European airline giants dominate the aviation industry. British Airways reported annual revenues of GBP8,593 million in 2008. Lufthansa reported annual revenues of Euro22.4 billion in 2007. Qantas, Australia’s largest airline, reported annual revenues of A$12.6 billion for 2007. The other major passenger airlines include Cathay Pacific, the Emirates, US Airways, Japan Airlines, Air France-KLM and Southwest Airlines. Cathay Pacific won the 2009 Airline of the Year title in the famous World Airline Awards, replacing Singapore Airlines as the 'world's best airline.' Among the freight carriers, FedEx is the world’s largest, with total revenues of US$ 37.953 billion in 2008.
Some of the major airports across the world include:
* London’s Heathrow Airport
* Los Angeles International Airport
* Frankfurt International Airport
* Tokyo International Airport
The global aviation sector generated revenues of $430 billion in 2007, with over 2,076 million passengers traveling by air. According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, the airline industry provided employment to around 487,000 people in 2006 in America alone.
Biotechnology Industry
The biotechnology industry is fully research based and this intensively research based sector yielded revenues worth $50.7 billion in the year 2005. $19.8 billion was spent for research and development by the United States Biotechnology industry.
Biotechnology industry and the economy:
Various activities related to life sciences as well as the biotechnology industry recruited 1.2 million individuals in the year 2004 in the United States of America. In addition to the 1.2 million job opportunities, 5.8 million job openings associated with the biotechnology industry was also created. Average yearly salary of the individuals employed in the biotechnology industry was approximately $65,775 in the year 2004. The biotechnology industry brought finances worth in $20 billion in finances in the year 2005. Market Capitalization of the biotechnology companies which traded publicly stood at $410 billion as on 31st December, 2005.
Role of the biotechnology industry:
* 200 plus vaccinations, products, therapies have been created by the biotechnology industry to combat cancer, autoimmune syndromes, diabetes, HIV/AIDS etc.,.
* Biotechnology industry has developed several environment friendly products treating elements which pollute the environment.
* Biotechnology is also used in industrial houses for the optimum usage of the various forms of energy.
* Biotechnology industry also plays a significant role in taking forensic science ahead by using methods relating to DNA fingerprinting.
Biotechnology industry and the economy:
Various activities related to life sciences as well as the biotechnology industry recruited 1.2 million individuals in the year 2004 in the United States of America. In addition to the 1.2 million job opportunities, 5.8 million job openings associated with the biotechnology industry was also created. Average yearly salary of the individuals employed in the biotechnology industry was approximately $65,775 in the year 2004. The biotechnology industry brought finances worth in $20 billion in finances in the year 2005. Market Capitalization of the biotechnology companies which traded publicly stood at $410 billion as on 31st December, 2005.
Role of the biotechnology industry:
* 200 plus vaccinations, products, therapies have been created by the biotechnology industry to combat cancer, autoimmune syndromes, diabetes, HIV/AIDS etc.,.
* Biotechnology industry has developed several environment friendly products treating elements which pollute the environment.
* Biotechnology is also used in industrial houses for the optimum usage of the various forms of energy.
* Biotechnology industry also plays a significant role in taking forensic science ahead by using methods relating to DNA fingerprinting.
Business
A business is an organization which is legally recognized to offer goods and services to the consumers and other entities like governments, social sector organizations, and other corporate entities.
Businesses are one of the building blocks of capitalist economies. Most businesses are privately owned, but they can be listed on stock markets or owned by governments and other organizations. The main purpose of a business is to earn profit and add to the wealth of their owners or shareholders. By providing useful goods or services and assuming some risks, businesses seek to develop a positive cash flow.
Types of Business at a Glance
Business types are normally defined by means of ownership, as outlined below:
Sole proprietorship: A business owned by one person. This is the simplest and most prevalent form of business worldwide, but also the least economically productive. Most ‘mom and pop’ shops and freelancers tend to fall into this category. The owner has total and unlimited liability for all debts incurred, but may pay less tax and be subject to less stringent regulations.
Partnership: A business owned by two or more partners. Each partner has total and unlimited liability for all debts of the business in a general partnership, but there are some levels of protection in limited partnerships and limited liability partnerships. Traditionally, professional services organizations like legal and consultancy practices have tended to form as partnerships.
Corporation: A limited liability business that has a separate legal entity than its owners. A corporation is designed to generate profit, has more than one owner, and has a board of directors who are responsible for hiring (and firing) its management team. Public corporations will list some or all of their shares on stock markets, and will then be required to make public their financial performance.
Cooperative: Like a corporate, a cooperative business or a ‘co-op’ is a limited liability entity that is for-profit. However it is owned by members, normally in large numbers, and not shareholders. Members have voting rights on all major business decisions. Co-ops are normally classified as either consumer cooperatives or worker cooperatives.
Categories of Business
Businesses can be categorized by the nature of services offered, as follows:
Service businesses: These businesses specialize in providing intangible products and services and earn a profit by charging a certain amount for the services that they offer. Business organizations including lawyers, accountants, consulting firms, designers, architects, entertainers and other professionals come under the purview of service businesses.
Financial businesses: These businesses include banks and other corporate entities that deal with capital management and investment.
Manufacturers: These businesses specialize in production of goods from raw materials. Manufacturers earn profits by selling final products in the domestic and/or international markets.
Retailers and distributors: These business organizations serve as mediators between manufacturers and consumers. The majority of consumer-oriented outlets, e-commerce sites and catalogue companies come under this category.
Real estate businesses: These businesses generate profits by trading buildings, land, and all other forms of residential and commercial property.
Agricultural and mining businesses: These businesses are involved in the production and distribution of raw materials for the manufacturing companies.
Transportation businesses: These businesses generate profits by transporting people, commodities, parts, and finished goods.
Utilities: These businesses are involved in providing public services like sewage treatment, communications, and power.
Information businesses: These businesses deal with production, distribution, and marketing of software and hardware products. Outsourcing businesses also fall under the domain of information business.
Businesses are one of the building blocks of capitalist economies. Most businesses are privately owned, but they can be listed on stock markets or owned by governments and other organizations. The main purpose of a business is to earn profit and add to the wealth of their owners or shareholders. By providing useful goods or services and assuming some risks, businesses seek to develop a positive cash flow.
Types of Business at a Glance
Business types are normally defined by means of ownership, as outlined below:
Sole proprietorship: A business owned by one person. This is the simplest and most prevalent form of business worldwide, but also the least economically productive. Most ‘mom and pop’ shops and freelancers tend to fall into this category. The owner has total and unlimited liability for all debts incurred, but may pay less tax and be subject to less stringent regulations.
Partnership: A business owned by two or more partners. Each partner has total and unlimited liability for all debts of the business in a general partnership, but there are some levels of protection in limited partnerships and limited liability partnerships. Traditionally, professional services organizations like legal and consultancy practices have tended to form as partnerships.
Corporation: A limited liability business that has a separate legal entity than its owners. A corporation is designed to generate profit, has more than one owner, and has a board of directors who are responsible for hiring (and firing) its management team. Public corporations will list some or all of their shares on stock markets, and will then be required to make public their financial performance.
Cooperative: Like a corporate, a cooperative business or a ‘co-op’ is a limited liability entity that is for-profit. However it is owned by members, normally in large numbers, and not shareholders. Members have voting rights on all major business decisions. Co-ops are normally classified as either consumer cooperatives or worker cooperatives.
Categories of Business
Businesses can be categorized by the nature of services offered, as follows:
Service businesses: These businesses specialize in providing intangible products and services and earn a profit by charging a certain amount for the services that they offer. Business organizations including lawyers, accountants, consulting firms, designers, architects, entertainers and other professionals come under the purview of service businesses.
Financial businesses: These businesses include banks and other corporate entities that deal with capital management and investment.
Manufacturers: These businesses specialize in production of goods from raw materials. Manufacturers earn profits by selling final products in the domestic and/or international markets.
Retailers and distributors: These business organizations serve as mediators between manufacturers and consumers. The majority of consumer-oriented outlets, e-commerce sites and catalogue companies come under this category.
Real estate businesses: These businesses generate profits by trading buildings, land, and all other forms of residential and commercial property.
Agricultural and mining businesses: These businesses are involved in the production and distribution of raw materials for the manufacturing companies.
Transportation businesses: These businesses generate profits by transporting people, commodities, parts, and finished goods.
Utilities: These businesses are involved in providing public services like sewage treatment, communications, and power.
Information businesses: These businesses deal with production, distribution, and marketing of software and hardware products. Outsourcing businesses also fall under the domain of information business.
Casino industry
The casino industry is a global gaming industry generating a large volume of revenues, and one that has been growing strongly, particularly as affluence grows in Asia. It offers a large variety of employment opportunities. Casinos are entirely illegal in some countries such as India and most of the arab world, while they are being partially legalised in countries such as Singapore.
Industry Gross Revenue
Card Rooms $1.10 billion
Commercial Casinos $34.11 billion
Charitable Games and Bingo $2.24 billion
Indian Casinos $25.08 billion
Legal Bookmaking $191.0 million
Lotteries $24.63 billion
Pari-mutuel Wagering $3.58 billion
Casino industry employment
Casino industry employs workers for conduction of table games like following.
1.Craps
2.Roulette
3.Red dog
4.Blackjack
5.Baccarat
Some casino employees are employed for keeping a tab on patrons and for detection of cheating of house rules. Starting from gambling dealers, gambling cashiers, slot machine attendants, slot machine technicians, keno writers, gambling monitors, pit managers to casino managers a whole lot posts (to name a few) are available in casino industry. Apart from these, casino industry generates various types of support jobs in local hotel industry. These employ professionals in field of food and beverage preparation, building and maintenance, housekeeping, sales and marketing, purchasing agent and public relations to name a few.
Equipments used in casino industry include following.
1.Cards
2.Electrical test instruments
3.Gaming table
4.Hand tools
5.Chips and tokens
6.Markers
7.Spinning wheels
8.Tickets
9.Dice
Internet gambling
Since the dawn of the internet era, online gambling or internet gambling has gained immense popularity throughout the world. As per estimation there exists over 2,000 online gambling websites, which offer different kinds of wagering options like sports betting, bingo, online casino games and lotteries. In 2005 US earned $5.9 billion in revenues from internet gambling. Out of an estimated 23 million online gamblers nearly 8 million belonged to US in 2005. From a purely economic point of view, the casino industry leads to employment creation and helps local population to move to a higher welfare level via creation of many positive externalities.
Industry Gross Revenue
Card Rooms $1.10 billion
Commercial Casinos $34.11 billion
Charitable Games and Bingo $2.24 billion
Indian Casinos $25.08 billion
Legal Bookmaking $191.0 million
Lotteries $24.63 billion
Pari-mutuel Wagering $3.58 billion
Casino industry employment
Casino industry employs workers for conduction of table games like following.
1.Craps
2.Roulette
3.Red dog
4.Blackjack
5.Baccarat
Some casino employees are employed for keeping a tab on patrons and for detection of cheating of house rules. Starting from gambling dealers, gambling cashiers, slot machine attendants, slot machine technicians, keno writers, gambling monitors, pit managers to casino managers a whole lot posts (to name a few) are available in casino industry. Apart from these, casino industry generates various types of support jobs in local hotel industry. These employ professionals in field of food and beverage preparation, building and maintenance, housekeeping, sales and marketing, purchasing agent and public relations to name a few.
Equipments used in casino industry include following.
1.Cards
2.Electrical test instruments
3.Gaming table
4.Hand tools
5.Chips and tokens
6.Markers
7.Spinning wheels
8.Tickets
9.Dice
Internet gambling
Since the dawn of the internet era, online gambling or internet gambling has gained immense popularity throughout the world. As per estimation there exists over 2,000 online gambling websites, which offer different kinds of wagering options like sports betting, bingo, online casino games and lotteries. In 2005 US earned $5.9 billion in revenues from internet gambling. Out of an estimated 23 million online gamblers nearly 8 million belonged to US in 2005. From a purely economic point of view, the casino industry leads to employment creation and helps local population to move to a higher welfare level via creation of many positive externalities.
Chemical Industry
Chemical Industry refers to the industry which is involved in the business of making different products from raw materials through Chemical Reactions. Generally, the Raw Materials used in the Chemical Industry are oil, natural gas, metals, minerals, coal, salt and last but not the least air and water.
Chemical Industries are very important for the economy of any country. This is because, these Chemical Industries supply the farmers Pesticides and Fertilizers which are essential for crop growing. In this way Chemical Industries contribute to agriculture and food self sufficiency of every country.
Other than direct contribution to agriculture, Chemical Industry contributes indirectly to almost every sector of every economy. In our every day life, we use a lot of industrial products and most of them are related to Chemical Industry in some way or the other. Chemical Industry produces the fibers and dyes which are used in textile industries. It supplies the Synthetic Sweeteners and Synthetic Flavors which are used by Food Manufacturing Companies. Chemical Industry indirectly helps the Pharmaceutical Industry and Health Care Industry by providing the essential Chemical Components. Not only that Plastic requirement of Packaging Industry and Artificial Rubber requirement of the Automobile Industry are also met by the very same Chemical Industries.
Chemical Industries are very important for the economy of any country. This is because, these Chemical Industries supply the farmers Pesticides and Fertilizers which are essential for crop growing. In this way Chemical Industries contribute to agriculture and food self sufficiency of every country.
Other than direct contribution to agriculture, Chemical Industry contributes indirectly to almost every sector of every economy. In our every day life, we use a lot of industrial products and most of them are related to Chemical Industry in some way or the other. Chemical Industry produces the fibers and dyes which are used in textile industries. It supplies the Synthetic Sweeteners and Synthetic Flavors which are used by Food Manufacturing Companies. Chemical Industry indirectly helps the Pharmaceutical Industry and Health Care Industry by providing the essential Chemical Components. Not only that Plastic requirement of Packaging Industry and Artificial Rubber requirement of the Automobile Industry are also met by the very same Chemical Industries.
Construction Industry
Construction Industry is one of the most booming industries in the whole world. This industry is mainly an urban based one which is concerned with preparation as well as construction of real estate properties. The repairing of any existing building or making certain alterations in the same also comes under Construction Industry. This industry can be categorized into three basic categories namely :-
* Construction involving heavy and civil engineering
The construction of large projects such as bridge, road, etc comes under this category.
* General construction
The construction works that involve building of real estate ones such as residential or commercial real estate assets, etc.
* Construction projects involving specialty trades
Construction works that involve building up of specialized items namely, electric related works, works on woods, etc.
It is generally being observed in the all round the globe in the
Construction Industry
that the contractor individual or organization involved in the construction process specialize in any one of the above mentioned categories. A contractor who is involved in building real estate do not generally go for specialized trade or heavy engineering works. The same is also true for other kind of contractors.
Construction Industry is a booming industry and remain so with the continuation of the development process especially in the developing countries. With the process of development, the migration of people takes place from the rural to urban areas. This phenomenon is most significantly observed in the "Asian Tiger" countries, China and India. Thus, the Construction Industry is also on a rise in such countries.
* Construction involving heavy and civil engineering
The construction of large projects such as bridge, road, etc comes under this category.
* General construction
The construction works that involve building of real estate ones such as residential or commercial real estate assets, etc.
* Construction projects involving specialty trades
Construction works that involve building up of specialized items namely, electric related works, works on woods, etc.
It is generally being observed in the all round the globe in the
Construction Industry
that the contractor individual or organization involved in the construction process specialize in any one of the above mentioned categories. A contractor who is involved in building real estate do not generally go for specialized trade or heavy engineering works. The same is also true for other kind of contractors.
Construction Industry is a booming industry and remain so with the continuation of the development process especially in the developing countries. With the process of development, the migration of people takes place from the rural to urban areas. This phenomenon is most significantly observed in the "Asian Tiger" countries, China and India. Thus, the Construction Industry is also on a rise in such countries.
Defense industry
Defense industry includes defense contractors, arms industry, private military contractors, and European defense procurement.
Defense industry is also known as military industry. It comprises government and commercial bodies actively involved in research and development of military equipments. Defense industry also involves production and service of military equipment and facilities.
Defense contractors
Defense contractors offer products or services to defense department of national governments. They can be an individual entity as well as an organization. Products supplied by defense contractors include military aircrafts, vehicles, ships, weaponry, and electronic systems. Services offered by defense contractors may include logistics, technical support, training, and communications.
In 2007, Lockheed Martin was identified as world’s number one defense contractor, followed by Boeing, BAE Systems, Northrop Grumman, Raytheon, General Dynamics, EADS, and L-3 Communications.
Arms industry
Arms industry is responsible for manufacturing and selling military weapons and equipments. Some products manufactured by arms industry include guns, missiles, ammunition, military aircrafts, and electronic systems.
According to rough estimations, world spending on military expenditure runs into more than 1 trillion dollar. Out of this, a major part of the fund is used to purchase military weapons and services from arms industry. In 2006, total arms sales made by top 100 defense companies exceeded $300 billion.
Illegal arms trade
Illegal arms trade occurs in many countries. These arms are traded in domestic market and are meant to be used by citizens. Regions where political instability exists are prone to the occurrence of illegal trade of arms.
Top arms exporters
US top the list of world’s top arms exporters. Russia, European Union, Germany, France, UK, and Netherlands are also recognized as major arms exporting countries.
US financial crisis
US financial crisis is also believed to cause a negative impact on defense industry. Defense companies like Boeing are apprehensive about the effect that government’s bailout plan is likely to cause on their business. Sale of fighter jets, tanks, and ships could be affected. Next US President is likely to face immense pressure to reduce government spending on military programs.
Defense industry is also known as military industry. It comprises government and commercial bodies actively involved in research and development of military equipments. Defense industry also involves production and service of military equipment and facilities.
Defense contractors
Defense contractors offer products or services to defense department of national governments. They can be an individual entity as well as an organization. Products supplied by defense contractors include military aircrafts, vehicles, ships, weaponry, and electronic systems. Services offered by defense contractors may include logistics, technical support, training, and communications.
In 2007, Lockheed Martin was identified as world’s number one defense contractor, followed by Boeing, BAE Systems, Northrop Grumman, Raytheon, General Dynamics, EADS, and L-3 Communications.
Arms industry
Arms industry is responsible for manufacturing and selling military weapons and equipments. Some products manufactured by arms industry include guns, missiles, ammunition, military aircrafts, and electronic systems.
According to rough estimations, world spending on military expenditure runs into more than 1 trillion dollar. Out of this, a major part of the fund is used to purchase military weapons and services from arms industry. In 2006, total arms sales made by top 100 defense companies exceeded $300 billion.
Illegal arms trade
Illegal arms trade occurs in many countries. These arms are traded in domestic market and are meant to be used by citizens. Regions where political instability exists are prone to the occurrence of illegal trade of arms.
Top arms exporters
US top the list of world’s top arms exporters. Russia, European Union, Germany, France, UK, and Netherlands are also recognized as major arms exporting countries.
US financial crisis
US financial crisis is also believed to cause a negative impact on defense industry. Defense companies like Boeing are apprehensive about the effect that government’s bailout plan is likely to cause on their business. Sale of fighter jets, tanks, and ships could be affected. Next US President is likely to face immense pressure to reduce government spending on military programs.
Education Sector
The education industry consists of schools, colleges, universities and various private institutions. The education sector can be broadly classified into three categories:
* K-12: This includes the education offered from nursery to the twelfth grade by various public, private and religious schools.
* Higher education: This includes various state-run and private colleges and universities. This also includes Med Schools, Law Schools and Business Schools.
* Vocational education: This includes industry/job oriented education, based on the apprenticeship method of learning.
The education industry is not just restricted to these categories. It also includes ancillary education services, such as after-school tutoring, charter schools, special or alternative education, educational content suppliers and professional development of administrators and teachers.
History of the Education Industry
Education has been practiced since time immemorial to instill social and cultural values. In the ancient times, the education system was verbal, carried out generally by the elders of the family. The writing system developed around 3500 BC, enabling the recording and sharing of information. In most ancient societies, the state of literacy was bleak for centuries.
The education industry was initially associated with law, trade and commerce, religion and civil administration. Formal education was available to only a small fraction of the population. The system developed in most countries after 1850 CE.
The modern education industry consists of training by professionals and organized instructions with respect to systematic curricula and pedagogy.
Demand and Supply Drivers of the Education Industry
The demand drivers of the education sector include:
* Household disposable income.
* Cost of education.
* Opportunity cost of education (education versus job).
* Cultural factors (opinion on education of girls).
* Role of government to boost education.
The supply drivers of the industry include:
* Availability of labor force (teachers and administrators).
* Government funding (to establish affordable education centers)
* Changes in social outlook.
Education Industry: Major Players
Among the premiere colleges across the world, the Ivy League colleges of the US hold an important position. This category of colleges includes Brown, Cornell, Columbia, Dartmouth, Harvard, Pennsylvania, Princeton and Yale.Science, business (particularly Masters of Business Administration or MBA) and accounting degrees continue to be popular course choices.
According to the Chronicle of Higher Education, among the most expensive universities of the world, the top five are from the US. This includes George Washington University, with a tuition fee of $39,240 for the academic session 2007-2008. Rounding off the top five are:
* Ohio’s Kenyon College ($38,140)
* Bucknell University ($38,134)
* Vassar College ($38,115)
* Sarah Lawrence College ($38,090)
The education industry is booming across the world. The industry generates large scale revenues and employment. The revenue from higher education alone in the US is worth over $400 billion. However, the state of the education industry in most developing countries, such as Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Pakistan and nearly all of Africa, is bleak. The literacy rate in these countries is still below 60%.
* K-12: This includes the education offered from nursery to the twelfth grade by various public, private and religious schools.
* Higher education: This includes various state-run and private colleges and universities. This also includes Med Schools, Law Schools and Business Schools.
* Vocational education: This includes industry/job oriented education, based on the apprenticeship method of learning.
The education industry is not just restricted to these categories. It also includes ancillary education services, such as after-school tutoring, charter schools, special or alternative education, educational content suppliers and professional development of administrators and teachers.
History of the Education Industry
Education has been practiced since time immemorial to instill social and cultural values. In the ancient times, the education system was verbal, carried out generally by the elders of the family. The writing system developed around 3500 BC, enabling the recording and sharing of information. In most ancient societies, the state of literacy was bleak for centuries.
The education industry was initially associated with law, trade and commerce, religion and civil administration. Formal education was available to only a small fraction of the population. The system developed in most countries after 1850 CE.
The modern education industry consists of training by professionals and organized instructions with respect to systematic curricula and pedagogy.
Demand and Supply Drivers of the Education Industry
The demand drivers of the education sector include:
* Household disposable income.
* Cost of education.
* Opportunity cost of education (education versus job).
* Cultural factors (opinion on education of girls).
* Role of government to boost education.
The supply drivers of the industry include:
* Availability of labor force (teachers and administrators).
* Government funding (to establish affordable education centers)
* Changes in social outlook.
Education Industry: Major Players
Among the premiere colleges across the world, the Ivy League colleges of the US hold an important position. This category of colleges includes Brown, Cornell, Columbia, Dartmouth, Harvard, Pennsylvania, Princeton and Yale.Science, business (particularly Masters of Business Administration or MBA) and accounting degrees continue to be popular course choices.
According to the Chronicle of Higher Education, among the most expensive universities of the world, the top five are from the US. This includes George Washington University, with a tuition fee of $39,240 for the academic session 2007-2008. Rounding off the top five are:
* Ohio’s Kenyon College ($38,140)
* Bucknell University ($38,134)
* Vassar College ($38,115)
* Sarah Lawrence College ($38,090)
The education industry is booming across the world. The industry generates large scale revenues and employment. The revenue from higher education alone in the US is worth over $400 billion. However, the state of the education industry in most developing countries, such as Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Pakistan and nearly all of Africa, is bleak. The literacy rate in these countries is still below 60%.
Energy Industry
The energy industry is primarily controlled, and governed by leading countries like USA, France, Russia, China and India. The energy industry comprise of energy sources like biomass, electricity, hydrogen, hydro power, natural gas, coal, nuclear power, petroleum, solar power and power wind. The energy industry is principally dependent on fossil fuel energy sources. Energy industry encompasses all the associated sub industries like petroleum industry, gas industry, electrical power industry, nuclear power industry, and unconventional energy industry.
Petroleum industry: The major components of this industry are petroleum refiners, oil companies, fuel transport and selling at gas stations.
Gas industry: This industry comprise of activities like coal gas manufacturing, natural gas extraction, distribution and sales
Electrical power industry: The associated activities of electrical power industry include electric power distribution, electricity generation, and sales. The other major two industry components are coal industry and nuclear power industry. Most of the leading countries are emphasizing on nuclear power energy sector, as it can be regarded as the future energy sources. Some alternative energy and sustainable energy sources comprise of wind energy sources and solar energy sources.
Economical perspective of energy industry
The petrochemical industry can be regarded as the most emerging energy businesses industry in the coming years and due to high earning probability, world's leading countries are showing their interest to invest in this petrochemical energy sector. Industrialists are trying to innovate ways to adapt fuels for power generation and they are searching for alternative energy resources like energy derived from agricultural food, crops, agricultural crop wastes and residues, and geothermal energy.
Environmental impact on energy industry
The impact on environment is a prime concern to be considered, as the energy industries are generating a large amount of pollutants in the environment like toxic gases (carbon di-oxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide etc.) and greenhouse gases from fuel combustion and nuclear wastes and residues from nuclear power station. These pollutants can cause severe health hazards to the public.
Petroleum industry: The major components of this industry are petroleum refiners, oil companies, fuel transport and selling at gas stations.
Gas industry: This industry comprise of activities like coal gas manufacturing, natural gas extraction, distribution and sales
Electrical power industry: The associated activities of electrical power industry include electric power distribution, electricity generation, and sales. The other major two industry components are coal industry and nuclear power industry. Most of the leading countries are emphasizing on nuclear power energy sector, as it can be regarded as the future energy sources. Some alternative energy and sustainable energy sources comprise of wind energy sources and solar energy sources.
Economical perspective of energy industry
The petrochemical industry can be regarded as the most emerging energy businesses industry in the coming years and due to high earning probability, world's leading countries are showing their interest to invest in this petrochemical energy sector. Industrialists are trying to innovate ways to adapt fuels for power generation and they are searching for alternative energy resources like energy derived from agricultural food, crops, agricultural crop wastes and residues, and geothermal energy.
Environmental impact on energy industry
The impact on environment is a prime concern to be considered, as the energy industries are generating a large amount of pollutants in the environment like toxic gases (carbon di-oxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide etc.) and greenhouse gases from fuel combustion and nuclear wastes and residues from nuclear power station. These pollutants can cause severe health hazards to the public.
Engineering Industry
Engineering industry primarily deals with the design, manufacture and operation of structures, machines or devices. Engineering industry primarily comprise of sectors like civil, industrial, mechanical and chemical.
Parts of engineering industry with their respective functions
Engineering industry comprises of chemical, civil, industrial and mechanical engineering divisions, where civil engineering division basically concerned with the activities like planning, construction, designing or manufacturing of structures. The chemical industry is concerned with engineering activities like construction, design and operation of plants and machinery of chemical products like drugs, synthetic rubber etc. Electrical engineering primarily deals with all engineering activities like manufacturing of devices for generation of electricity or designing devices for transmission of electricity. This electrical engineering division is also concerned with the designing and manufacturing of electronic devices including computers and it's accessories. The mechanical engineering division specifically deals with designing and manufacturing of power plants, engines or related devices and the industrial engineering is principally concerned with the processing of production like laying out plants etc. Engineering industry also comprise of fields like Aeronautical engineering, where engineers supervise designing of aircraft, missiles etc.
Job opportunities in engineering industry
The Engineering industry has an enormous potential of creating new jobs within the industry. The job categories are primarily based on designing, manufacturing, installing, repairing, packaging or selling engineering products. The other employment areas include construction, building, mining, etc.
Prospect of engineering industry
Modern technologies and innovative techniques, specifically in sectors like electronic engineering add to the prosperity of the engineering industry.
Parts of engineering industry with their respective functions
Engineering industry comprises of chemical, civil, industrial and mechanical engineering divisions, where civil engineering division basically concerned with the activities like planning, construction, designing or manufacturing of structures. The chemical industry is concerned with engineering activities like construction, design and operation of plants and machinery of chemical products like drugs, synthetic rubber etc. Electrical engineering primarily deals with all engineering activities like manufacturing of devices for generation of electricity or designing devices for transmission of electricity. This electrical engineering division is also concerned with the designing and manufacturing of electronic devices including computers and it's accessories. The mechanical engineering division specifically deals with designing and manufacturing of power plants, engines or related devices and the industrial engineering is principally concerned with the processing of production like laying out plants etc. Engineering industry also comprise of fields like Aeronautical engineering, where engineers supervise designing of aircraft, missiles etc.
Job opportunities in engineering industry
The Engineering industry has an enormous potential of creating new jobs within the industry. The job categories are primarily based on designing, manufacturing, installing, repairing, packaging or selling engineering products. The other employment areas include construction, building, mining, etc.
Prospect of engineering industry
Modern technologies and innovative techniques, specifically in sectors like electronic engineering add to the prosperity of the engineering industry.
Entertainments industry
Entertainments industry on a global scale employs a large number of people and is also major revenue grosser. USA and India in particular possess a thriving entertainment industry. Piracy poses a major threat to global entertainment industry. Digitalization is future of global entertainment industry.
Entertainments industry US vs. Japan
Entertainment industry comprises television industry, print media, filmed entertainment, radio, music and advertising. It has of late become an attractive investment option for investors. Japan has slowly but steadily become a major player in global entertainment industry via its expertise in digital entertainment options. Japan is a force to reckon with in digital media. In film business however US still has a lead over Japan with a production of around 800 films annually as opposed to a less than 300 figure for Japan per year. Japan has marked expertise in use of animation and interactive digital gaming and multimedia operations.
Indian entertainment industry
As per a March 2008 report, India’s entertainment and media industry has recorded a robust growth in recent years. In 2007 this industry was way ahead in performance in comparison to a whole lot of other domestic industries. It recorded a 17% growth in 2007 with an estimated volume of Rs 513 billion. Comparable figure was Rs 438 billion in previous year. This industry attracted a substantial volume of foreign investment amounting to Rs 8.5 billion in concerned reference period. Indian entertainment industry is estimated to reach a targeted Rs 1.157 trillion by year 2012. This overall robust performance of the industry has been spearheaded by performance of Indian advertising industry, which contributed around Rs 196 billion in year 2007. Comparable figure for this in preceding year was Rs 161 billion. In 2004-2007 phase Indian advertising industry recorded an overall cumulative growth rate of around 20%.
Entertainments industry US vs. Japan
Entertainment industry comprises television industry, print media, filmed entertainment, radio, music and advertising. It has of late become an attractive investment option for investors. Japan has slowly but steadily become a major player in global entertainment industry via its expertise in digital entertainment options. Japan is a force to reckon with in digital media. In film business however US still has a lead over Japan with a production of around 800 films annually as opposed to a less than 300 figure for Japan per year. Japan has marked expertise in use of animation and interactive digital gaming and multimedia operations.
Indian entertainment industry
As per a March 2008 report, India’s entertainment and media industry has recorded a robust growth in recent years. In 2007 this industry was way ahead in performance in comparison to a whole lot of other domestic industries. It recorded a 17% growth in 2007 with an estimated volume of Rs 513 billion. Comparable figure was Rs 438 billion in previous year. This industry attracted a substantial volume of foreign investment amounting to Rs 8.5 billion in concerned reference period. Indian entertainment industry is estimated to reach a targeted Rs 1.157 trillion by year 2012. This overall robust performance of the industry has been spearheaded by performance of Indian advertising industry, which contributed around Rs 196 billion in year 2007. Comparable figure for this in preceding year was Rs 161 billion. In 2004-2007 phase Indian advertising industry recorded an overall cumulative growth rate of around 20%.
Fertilizer Industry
Though much euphoric services sector growth in Indian economy has drawn the attention over the globe, still its importance brings confusion when we come across the parameters like increasing inequality and a stalemate in condition.
Agriculture the backbone of Indian Economy still holds its relative importance for more than a billion peoples. The Government Of India from time to time has taken considerable steps for the upliftment of Agriculture Sector. Here we have analyzed the performance of Fertilizer Industry being one of the vital parts in agricultural production and Government's policy initiatives for the same.
Fertilizer in the agricultural process is an important area of concern. Fertilizer industry in India has succeeded in meeting the demand of all chemical fertilizers in the recent years.The Fertilizer Industry in India started its first manufacturing unit of Single Super Phosphate (SSP) in Ranipet near Chennai with a capacity of 6000 MT a year.
India's green revolution in late sixties gave a positive boost to the sector. The sector experienced a faster growth rate and presently India is the third largest fertilizer producer in the world.
According to Given Statistics, total capacity of the industry as on 30.01.2003 has reached a level of 121.10 lakh MT of nitrogen (inclusive of an installed capacity of 208.42 lakh MT of urea after reassessment of capacity) and 53.60 lakh MT of phosphatic nutrient.
Presently there are 57 large fertilizers plants in the country producing urea, DAP, Complex fertilizer,Ammonium Sulphate (AS) and Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN).
Fertilizer Companies
Public Sector Fertilizer Companies:
NATIONAL FERTILIZERS LIMITED (NFL)
PARADEEP PHOSPHATES LIMITED (PPL)
FERTILISERS & CHEMICALS TRAVANCORE LTD. (FACT)
PYRITES, PHOSPHATES & CHEMICALS LTD. (PPCL)
HINDUSTAN FERTILIZER CORPORATION LIMITED (HFC)
Agriculture the backbone of Indian Economy still holds its relative importance for more than a billion peoples. The Government Of India from time to time has taken considerable steps for the upliftment of Agriculture Sector. Here we have analyzed the performance of Fertilizer Industry being one of the vital parts in agricultural production and Government's policy initiatives for the same.
Fertilizer in the agricultural process is an important area of concern. Fertilizer industry in India has succeeded in meeting the demand of all chemical fertilizers in the recent years.The Fertilizer Industry in India started its first manufacturing unit of Single Super Phosphate (SSP) in Ranipet near Chennai with a capacity of 6000 MT a year.
India's green revolution in late sixties gave a positive boost to the sector. The sector experienced a faster growth rate and presently India is the third largest fertilizer producer in the world.
According to Given Statistics, total capacity of the industry as on 30.01.2003 has reached a level of 121.10 lakh MT of nitrogen (inclusive of an installed capacity of 208.42 lakh MT of urea after reassessment of capacity) and 53.60 lakh MT of phosphatic nutrient.
Presently there are 57 large fertilizers plants in the country producing urea, DAP, Complex fertilizer,Ammonium Sulphate (AS) and Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN).
Fertilizer Companies
Public Sector Fertilizer Companies:
NATIONAL FERTILIZERS LIMITED (NFL)
PARADEEP PHOSPHATES LIMITED (PPL)
FERTILISERS & CHEMICALS TRAVANCORE LTD. (FACT)
PYRITES, PHOSPHATES & CHEMICALS LTD. (PPCL)
HINDUSTAN FERTILIZER CORPORATION LIMITED (HFC)
Film industry
Film industry primarily consists of individual motion pictures, art films and motion picture industry. Global film industry is major revenue grosser. India is a leading player in global film industry.
US film industry
As per a July 2008 report global film industry is all set to derive a host of benefits from what is known as global audit partnerships. Since the beginning of 20th century United State’s film industry has had a significant effect on global film industry. US film industry has witnessed four major phases as mentioned below.
1. Period of silent films
2. Period of classical Hollywood cinema
3. Period of New Hollywood cinema
4. Period of contemporary cinema (post 1980s)
European film industry: some facts
Public funding for European film industry rose by 10% on an average from 1997 - 2001. From 1997 to 2000 top EU film companies recorded almost a doubling of their operating revenues and total assets. While, European film companies have recorded mixed fortunes in concerned time frame, public funding of European films has shown an upward trend. Non-European Union nations accounted for just 5% of Europe’s total funding.
Indian film industry
India is arguably world’s largest film producer. It produces around 800 films per year. This sector earns considerable foreign investment. Motion pictures made its beginning in India as far back as 1896. Most of Indian films produced are in Hindi, while Tamil, Bengali, Malayalam and Telegu are regional languages in which films are produced. Indian film industry makes use of sophisticated technologies. As per 2001 data, annual turnover of Indian film industry stood at around Rs. 60 billion.
US film industry
As per a July 2008 report global film industry is all set to derive a host of benefits from what is known as global audit partnerships. Since the beginning of 20th century United State’s film industry has had a significant effect on global film industry. US film industry has witnessed four major phases as mentioned below.
1. Period of silent films
2. Period of classical Hollywood cinema
3. Period of New Hollywood cinema
4. Period of contemporary cinema (post 1980s)
European film industry: some facts
Public funding for European film industry rose by 10% on an average from 1997 - 2001. From 1997 to 2000 top EU film companies recorded almost a doubling of their operating revenues and total assets. While, European film companies have recorded mixed fortunes in concerned time frame, public funding of European films has shown an upward trend. Non-European Union nations accounted for just 5% of Europe’s total funding.
Indian film industry
India is arguably world’s largest film producer. It produces around 800 films per year. This sector earns considerable foreign investment. Motion pictures made its beginning in India as far back as 1896. Most of Indian films produced are in Hindi, while Tamil, Bengali, Malayalam and Telegu are regional languages in which films are produced. Indian film industry makes use of sophisticated technologies. As per 2001 data, annual turnover of Indian film industry stood at around Rs. 60 billion.
Financial Industry
The financial industry, or financial services industry, includes a wide range of companies and institutions involved with money, including businesses providing money management, lending, investing, insuring and securities issuance and trading services. The following institutions are a part of the financial industry:
# Banks
# Credit card issuers
# Insurance companies
# Investment bankers
# Securities traders
# Financial planners
# Security exchanges
Financial Industry: History
The major events that have shaped the modern finance industry are:
* The Great Depression (1929): The Great Depression originated in the US with the Wall Street crash in October 1929. The effects of the depression spread across the world, especially in the heavy industries. Capital requirements regulation, financial industry oversights and the insurance of deposit accounts sprang out of this tumultuous period.
* Black Monday (1987): On October 19, the stock markets across the world witnessed a huge crash. This was the largest one day decline in the stock market history. The crash started in Hong Kong, spreading to Europe and the US. Analysts blamed computer trading systems for magnifying the losses.
* Asian Financial Crisis (1990s): The Asian Financial Crisis was triggered by the collapse of Thai baht as the government of Thailand decided to float the national currency. The nation had a huge foreign debt at that point, driving it to the verge of bankruptcy. The crisis rippled across the whole of Southeast Asia and has led to many emerging market countries to reduce debts and build up foreign currency reserves.
* Stock Market Downturn (2002): Stock exchanges around the world witnessed a significant decline in March 2002. It was attributed to the bursting of the ‘Dot-com Bubble’, which saw major Internet companies going bankrupt.
* Sub-prime Crisis (2007): Credit markets faced major crunch due to large scale default on loans. It led to the Financial Crisis of 2008 – 2009 and resulted in the bankruptcy, fire-sale acquisition and government bailouts of finance industry giants such as Lehman Brothers, Bear Stearns, AIG, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Merrill Lynch, Wachovia, Northern Rock, Lloyds TSB, HBOS, RBS and the entire banking system of Iceland. The world economy can expect reduced growth rates and tighter regulations as a result of this crisis.
Financial Industry: Demand and Supply Drivers
Demand for financial products are driven by risk-reward assessments, which consider:
* Potential Yield
* Risk rating
* Liquidity
* Availability of information
* Access to alternatives
The major supply drivers are:
* Money supply
* Interest rates
* Inflation
* Economic conditions
* Government regulations
Financial Industry: Major Players
According to the Global 2000 (annual report by Forbes), seven of the world’s top 10 companies belonged to the financial industry. These included Citigroup, Bank of America, HSBC Holdings and JPMorgan Chase. Their combined revenues in 2007 were worth $645 billion, down from the 2006 high of $785 billion.
According to the Fortune 500 rankings, in 2006 financial services generated $257 billion in profits, a third of total Fortune 500 profits. In 2008, however, they lost a staggering $213 billion, a total swing of $470 billion. Big players on the list, such as Citigroup and Bank of America, may only be alive today thanks to government money.
The finance industry is an industry in itself as well as an ancillary that supports other industries. Trade and commerce across the world would come to a standstill if there was no means to fund, pay and protect the transactions, hence the need for governments to support the financial services industry when companies that are ‘too big to fail’ are close to collapse.
# Banks
# Credit card issuers
# Insurance companies
# Investment bankers
# Securities traders
# Financial planners
# Security exchanges
Financial Industry: History
The major events that have shaped the modern finance industry are:
* The Great Depression (1929): The Great Depression originated in the US with the Wall Street crash in October 1929. The effects of the depression spread across the world, especially in the heavy industries. Capital requirements regulation, financial industry oversights and the insurance of deposit accounts sprang out of this tumultuous period.
* Black Monday (1987): On October 19, the stock markets across the world witnessed a huge crash. This was the largest one day decline in the stock market history. The crash started in Hong Kong, spreading to Europe and the US. Analysts blamed computer trading systems for magnifying the losses.
* Asian Financial Crisis (1990s): The Asian Financial Crisis was triggered by the collapse of Thai baht as the government of Thailand decided to float the national currency. The nation had a huge foreign debt at that point, driving it to the verge of bankruptcy. The crisis rippled across the whole of Southeast Asia and has led to many emerging market countries to reduce debts and build up foreign currency reserves.
* Stock Market Downturn (2002): Stock exchanges around the world witnessed a significant decline in March 2002. It was attributed to the bursting of the ‘Dot-com Bubble’, which saw major Internet companies going bankrupt.
* Sub-prime Crisis (2007): Credit markets faced major crunch due to large scale default on loans. It led to the Financial Crisis of 2008 – 2009 and resulted in the bankruptcy, fire-sale acquisition and government bailouts of finance industry giants such as Lehman Brothers, Bear Stearns, AIG, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Merrill Lynch, Wachovia, Northern Rock, Lloyds TSB, HBOS, RBS and the entire banking system of Iceland. The world economy can expect reduced growth rates and tighter regulations as a result of this crisis.
Financial Industry: Demand and Supply Drivers
Demand for financial products are driven by risk-reward assessments, which consider:
* Potential Yield
* Risk rating
* Liquidity
* Availability of information
* Access to alternatives
The major supply drivers are:
* Money supply
* Interest rates
* Inflation
* Economic conditions
* Government regulations
Financial Industry: Major Players
According to the Global 2000 (annual report by Forbes), seven of the world’s top 10 companies belonged to the financial industry. These included Citigroup, Bank of America, HSBC Holdings and JPMorgan Chase. Their combined revenues in 2007 were worth $645 billion, down from the 2006 high of $785 billion.
According to the Fortune 500 rankings, in 2006 financial services generated $257 billion in profits, a third of total Fortune 500 profits. In 2008, however, they lost a staggering $213 billion, a total swing of $470 billion. Big players on the list, such as Citigroup and Bank of America, may only be alive today thanks to government money.
The finance industry is an industry in itself as well as an ancillary that supports other industries. Trade and commerce across the world would come to a standstill if there was no means to fund, pay and protect the transactions, hence the need for governments to support the financial services industry when companies that are ‘too big to fail’ are close to collapse.
Food Industry
Food is an essential part of our lives, which is why the way it is grown, processed and transported is worth understanding and improving. Broadly, the food industry comprises a complex network of activities pertaining to the supply, consumption, and catering of food products and services across the world. Finished food products and partially prepared ‘instant’ food packets are also a part of the food industry. The food industry employs a massive number of skilled and unskilled workers. In 2006 alone, the food industry accounted for over 1.5 million jobs in the US and 4 million jobs in Europe. However, the food industry excludes subsistence farmers who use their produce for self consumption.
Components of Food Sector
The food industry is highly diverse and comprises several important components. Each component adds distinct value to the whole food chain by improving sustainability and producing better products.
The varied activities of the food sector are classified as follows:
# Agriculture activities for growing crops, raising livestock and sea food.
* Food processing of fresh products into canned and packed goods, including frozen foods.
* Research and development on food technology.
* Manufacturing fertilizers, farm machinery and hybrid seeds to facilitate agricultural production.
* Regulation on food production and distribution to ensure quality and safety.
* Financial services including insurance and credit to facilitate food production and distribution.
* Marketing, packaging, advertising and distribution (wholesale and retail).
History of Food Trade
The food trade has existed for centuries. For instance, Asia witnessed thriving trade in tea and silk in its ancient era. In the Middle East, the spice trade began way back in 2000 BC.
In 1953, the US food industry was revolutionized by Swanson’s presentation of the first ‘TV dinner.’
Some of the milestones of the food trade industry are:
# 19th century: Sterilization, pasteurization (the first canned food factory was inaugurated in England in 1813)
# 20th century:
1940s Frozen foods
1960s Freeze-dried, pressure-cooked foods
1980s Microwave foods
1990s Induction foods
Demand and Supply Drivers of Food Industry
A number of factors heighten the demand in the global food industry such as the population levels, wealth distribution, health awareness (organic food) and types of varied lifestyles. The food supply drivers include the quality of the supply chain, level of competition in the industry and the composition of the target consumers.
Food Industry: Major Players
The global food processing and beverage industry is dominated by a cluster of highly powerful multinational corporations. Some big names are ConAgra, Krafts Foods, Cadbury, General Mills, H.J. Heinz, Nestlé and Unilever. Top fast food franchises across the world include McDonalds, Pizza Hut, KFC and Dominoes Pizza. The US food industry generated revenue that totaled to $126 billion in 2008. Major frozen food manufacturers are ConAgra Foods and the Schwan Food Company. In 2007, the total revenue from the frozen food industry was about $100 billion.
Major players in the UK include Unilever, Compass, Tesco and Schweppes. They launched an initiative called ‘Plough to Plate’ to reconnect farmers to consumers and vice versa. Tesco’s prompt and impressive record of 5% reduction in energy consumption took place due to initiatives like the use of bakery extract controls and reflex energy saving lamps. Similar initiatives are required for energy savings, fiscal incentives and market incentives.
Rising prices in agricultural commodities have forced food makers to hike prices. The current challenge for the food industry is to accomplish economic success with a focus to improve energy savings and ensure social as well as environmental performance.
Components of Food Sector
The food industry is highly diverse and comprises several important components. Each component adds distinct value to the whole food chain by improving sustainability and producing better products.
The varied activities of the food sector are classified as follows:
# Agriculture activities for growing crops, raising livestock and sea food.
* Food processing of fresh products into canned and packed goods, including frozen foods.
* Research and development on food technology.
* Manufacturing fertilizers, farm machinery and hybrid seeds to facilitate agricultural production.
* Regulation on food production and distribution to ensure quality and safety.
* Financial services including insurance and credit to facilitate food production and distribution.
* Marketing, packaging, advertising and distribution (wholesale and retail).
History of Food Trade
The food trade has existed for centuries. For instance, Asia witnessed thriving trade in tea and silk in its ancient era. In the Middle East, the spice trade began way back in 2000 BC.
In 1953, the US food industry was revolutionized by Swanson’s presentation of the first ‘TV dinner.’
Some of the milestones of the food trade industry are:
# 19th century: Sterilization, pasteurization (the first canned food factory was inaugurated in England in 1813)
# 20th century:
1940s Frozen foods
1960s Freeze-dried, pressure-cooked foods
1980s Microwave foods
1990s Induction foods
Demand and Supply Drivers of Food Industry
A number of factors heighten the demand in the global food industry such as the population levels, wealth distribution, health awareness (organic food) and types of varied lifestyles. The food supply drivers include the quality of the supply chain, level of competition in the industry and the composition of the target consumers.
Food Industry: Major Players
The global food processing and beverage industry is dominated by a cluster of highly powerful multinational corporations. Some big names are ConAgra, Krafts Foods, Cadbury, General Mills, H.J. Heinz, Nestlé and Unilever. Top fast food franchises across the world include McDonalds, Pizza Hut, KFC and Dominoes Pizza. The US food industry generated revenue that totaled to $126 billion in 2008. Major frozen food manufacturers are ConAgra Foods and the Schwan Food Company. In 2007, the total revenue from the frozen food industry was about $100 billion.
Major players in the UK include Unilever, Compass, Tesco and Schweppes. They launched an initiative called ‘Plough to Plate’ to reconnect farmers to consumers and vice versa. Tesco’s prompt and impressive record of 5% reduction in energy consumption took place due to initiatives like the use of bakery extract controls and reflex energy saving lamps. Similar initiatives are required for energy savings, fiscal incentives and market incentives.
Rising prices in agricultural commodities have forced food makers to hike prices. The current challenge for the food industry is to accomplish economic success with a focus to improve energy savings and ensure social as well as environmental performance.
Gems and Jewellery Industry
The exports of gems and jewellery registered a upbeat growth of per cent in dollar terms during April - September 2004- 05.
In 2003-04 the exports of this sector increased by 16.8 per cent and crossed a level of US$10.5 billion. This is a particularly interesting industry from an Indian standpoint, since it involves imported raw materials, domestic value added, and global markets and provides skilled employment. Indian gems firms are tightly integrated into global production chains.
In order to give a boost to exports of gems and jewellery, Government took major policy initiatives during 2004-05.
* lowering import duty on platinum from Rs.550 per 10 gms to Rs.200
* exempting rough coloured precious gems stones from customs duty at the first stage itself instead of claiming reimbursements later.
* Rough semi precious stones are already exempt aimed to further increase the exports of studded jewellery and platinum jewellery.
The policies for this sector announced in the Foreign Trade Policy include:
* duty free import of consumables for metals other than gold and platinum up to 2 per cent of f.o.b. value of exports
* duty free re import entitlement for rejected jewellery up to 2 per cent of f.o.b. value of exports
* increased duty free import of commercial samples of jewellery to Rs.1 lakh
* import of gold of 18 carat and above under the replenishment scheme.
In 2003-04 the exports of this sector increased by 16.8 per cent and crossed a level of US$10.5 billion. This is a particularly interesting industry from an Indian standpoint, since it involves imported raw materials, domestic value added, and global markets and provides skilled employment. Indian gems firms are tightly integrated into global production chains.
In order to give a boost to exports of gems and jewellery, Government took major policy initiatives during 2004-05.
* lowering import duty on platinum from Rs.550 per 10 gms to Rs.200
* exempting rough coloured precious gems stones from customs duty at the first stage itself instead of claiming reimbursements later.
* Rough semi precious stones are already exempt aimed to further increase the exports of studded jewellery and platinum jewellery.
The policies for this sector announced in the Foreign Trade Policy include:
* duty free import of consumables for metals other than gold and platinum up to 2 per cent of f.o.b. value of exports
* duty free re import entitlement for rejected jewellery up to 2 per cent of f.o.b. value of exports
* increased duty free import of commercial samples of jewellery to Rs.1 lakh
* import of gold of 18 carat and above under the replenishment scheme.
Health Care Industry
Health care industry plays an important part in the economy of a country. The health care industry determines the GDP or the gross domestic product of any country. It also determines exports status, employment, capital investment etc. Health care segment provides employment openings to many individuals directly associated with the health care sector or other associated sectors, related to the health care industry in some way or the other. Efforts are usually made to keep the dollars rolling within the country economic set up. Businesses dealing in health care adds to the already existing economy by buying utility programs, by paying taxes for property etc.,.
The health care industry consists of the following:
* Dentists and doctors
* Protective care and nursing
* Pharmacies
* Allied medical, health services
* Hospitals
The present era is likely to be dominated by expansion of demands in the market, increasing prices and increasing awareness among the customers. Such changes will trigger a change in the health care industry scenario for the better. The year of 1990 witnessed a sluggish rate of growth, the health expenses per capita marked an all time low. The sluggish nature could be due to the fact that several health programs were implemented efficiently.
The health care industry consists of the following:
* Dentists and doctors
* Protective care and nursing
* Pharmacies
* Allied medical, health services
* Hospitals
The present era is likely to be dominated by expansion of demands in the market, increasing prices and increasing awareness among the customers. Such changes will trigger a change in the health care industry scenario for the better. The year of 1990 witnessed a sluggish rate of growth, the health expenses per capita marked an all time low. The sluggish nature could be due to the fact that several health programs were implemented efficiently.
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